The product measure #
In this file we define and prove properties about the binary product measure. If α
and β
have
σ-finite measures μ
resp. ν
then α × β
can be equipped with a σ-finite measure μ.prod ν
that
satisfies (μ.prod ν) s = ∫⁻ x, ν {y | (x, y) ∈ s} ∂μ
.
We also have (μ.prod ν) (s.prod t) = μ s * ν t
, i.e. the measure of a rectangle is the product of
the measures of the sides.
We also prove Tonelli's theorem and Fubini's theorem.
Main definition #
measure_theory.measure.prod
: The product of two measures.
Main results #
measure_theory.measure.prod_apply
statesμ.prod ν s = ∫⁻ x, ν {y | (x, y) ∈ s} ∂μ
for measurables
.measure_theory.measure.prod_apply_symm
is the reversed version.measure_theory.measure.prod_prod
statesμ.prod ν (s.prod t) = μ s * ν t
for measurable setss
andt
.measure_theory.lintegral_prod
: Tonelli's theorem. It states that for a measurable functionα × β → ℝ≥0∞
we have∫⁻ z, f z ∂(μ.prod ν) = ∫⁻ x, ∫⁻ y, f (x, y) ∂ν ∂μ
. The version for functionsα → β → ℝ≥0∞
is reversed, and calledlintegral_lintegral
. Both versions have a variant with_symm
appended, where the order of integration is reversed. The lemmameasurable.lintegral_prod_right'
states that the inner integral of the right-hand side is measurable.measure_theory.integrable_prod_iff
states that a binary function is integrable iff bothy ↦ f (x, y)
is integrable for almost everyx
, and- the function
x ↦ ∫ ∥f (x, y)∥ dy
is integrable.
measure_theory.integral_prod
: Fubini's theorem. It states that for a integrable functionα × β → E
(whereE
is a second countable Banach space) we have∫ z, f z ∂(μ.prod ν) = ∫ x, ∫ y, f (x, y) ∂ν ∂μ
. This theorem has the same variants as Tonelli's theorem. The lemmameasure_theory.integrable.integral_prod_right
states that the inner integral of the right-hand side is integrable.
Implementation Notes #
Many results are proven twice, once for functions in curried form (α → β → γ
) and one for
functions in uncurried form (α × β → γ
). The former often has an assumption
measurable (uncurry f)
, which could be inconvenient to discharge, but for the latter it is more
common that the function has to be given explicitly, since Lean cannot synthesize the function by
itself. We name the lemmas about the uncurried form with a prime.
Tonelli's theorem and Fubini's theorem have a different naming scheme, since the version for the
uncurried version is reversed.
Tags #
product measure, Fubini's theorem, Tonelli's theorem, Fubini-Tonelli theorem
Rectangles formed by π-systems form a π-system.
Rectangles of countably spanning sets are countably spanning.
Measurability #
Before we define the product measure, we can talk about the measurability of operations on binary
functions. We show that if f
is a binary measurable function, then the function that integrates
along one of the variables (using either the Lebesgue or Bochner integral) is measurable.
The product of generated σ-algebras is the one generated by rectangles, if both generating sets are countably spanning.
If C
and D
generate the σ-algebras on α
resp. β
, then rectangles formed by C
and D
generate the σ-algebra on α × β
.
The product σ-algebra is generated from boxes, i.e. s.prod t
for sets s : set α
and
t : set β
.
Rectangles form a π-system.
If ν
is a finite measure, and s ⊆ α × β
is measurable, then x ↦ ν { y | (x, y) ∈ s }
is
a measurable function. measurable_measure_prod_mk_left
is strictly more general.
If ν
is a σ-finite measure, and s ⊆ α × β
is measurable, then x ↦ ν { y | (x, y) ∈ s }
is
a measurable function.
If μ
is a σ-finite measure, and s ⊆ α × β
is measurable, then y ↦ μ { x | (x, y) ∈ s }
is
a measurable function.
The Lebesgue integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of) Tonelli's theorem is measurable.
The Lebesgue integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of)
Tonelli's theorem is measurable.
This version has the argument f
in curried form.
The Lebesgue integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of) the symmetric version of Tonelli's theorem is measurable.
The Lebesgue integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of)
the symmetric version of Tonelli's theorem is measurable.
This version has the argument f
in curried form.
The Bochner integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of)
Fubini's theorem is measurable.
This version has f
in curried form.
The Bochner integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of) Fubini's theorem is measurable.
The Bochner integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of)
the symmetric version of Fubini's theorem is measurable.
This version has f
in curried form.
The Bochner integral is measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of) the symmetric version of Fubini's theorem is measurable.
The product measure #
The binary product of measures. They are defined for arbitrary measures, but we basically prove all properties under the assumption that at least one of them is σ-finite.
If we don't assume measurability of s
and t
, we can bound the measure of their product.
Note: the assumption hs
cannot be dropped. For a counterexample, see
Walter Rudin Real and Complex Analysis, example (c) in section 8.9.
Note: the converse is not true without assuming that s
is measurable. For a counterexample,
see Walter Rudin Real and Complex Analysis, example (c) in section 8.9.
Note: the converse is not true. For a counterexample, see Walter Rudin Real and Complex Analysis, example (c) in section 8.9.
μ.prod ν
has finite spanning sets in rectangles of finite spanning sets.
A measure on a product space equals the product measure if they are equal on rectangles with as sides sets that generate the corresponding σ-algebras.
A measure on a product space equals the product measure if they are equal on rectangles.
The product of specific measures #
The Bochner integral is a.e.-measurable. This shows that the integrand of (the right-hand-side of) Fubini's theorem is a.e.-measurable.
The Lebesgue integral on a product #
Tonelli's Theorem: For ℝ≥0∞
-valued measurable functions on α × β
,
the integral of f
is equal to the iterated integral.
Tonelli's Theorem: For ℝ≥0∞
-valued almost everywhere measurable functions on α × β
,
the integral of f
is equal to the iterated integral.
The symmetric verion of Tonelli's Theorem: For ℝ≥0∞
-valued almost everywhere measurable
functions on α × β
, the integral of f
is equal to the iterated integral, in reverse order.
The symmetric verion of Tonelli's Theorem: For ℝ≥0∞
-valued measurable
functions on α × β
, the integral of f
is equal to the iterated integral, in reverse order.
The reversed version of Tonelli's Theorem. In this version f
is in curried form, which makes
it easier for the elaborator to figure out f
automatically.
The reversed version of Tonelli's Theorem (symmetric version). In this version f
is in curried
form, which makes it easier for the elaborator to figure out f
automatically.
Change the order of Lebesgue integration.
Integrability on a product #
A binary function is integrable if the function y ↦ f (x, y)
is integrable for almost every
x
and the function x ↦ ∫ ∥f (x, y)∥ dy
is integrable.
A binary function is integrable if the function x ↦ f (x, y)
is integrable for almost every
y
and the function y ↦ ∫ ∥f (x, y)∥ dx
is integrable.
The Bochner integral on a product #
Some rules about the sum/difference of double integrals. They follow from integral_add
, but
we separate them out as separate lemmas, because they involve quite some steps.
Integrals commute with addition inside another integral. F
can be any function.
Integrals commute with subtraction inside another integral.
F
can be any measurable function.
Integrals commute with subtraction inside a lower Lebesgue integral.
F
can be any function.
Double integrals commute with addition.
Double integrals commute with addition. This is the version with (f + g) (x, y)
(instead of f (x, y) + g (x, y)
) in the LHS.
Double integrals commute with subtraction.
Double integrals commute with subtraction. This is the version with (f - g) (x, y)
(instead of f (x, y) - g (x, y)
) in the LHS.
The map that sends an L¹-function f : α × β → E
to ∫∫f
is continuous.
Fubini's Theorem: For integrable functions on α × β
,
the Bochner integral of f
is equal to the iterated Bochner integral.
integrable_prod_iff
can be useful to show that the function in question in integrable.
measure_theory.integrable.integral_prod_right
is useful to show that the inner integral
of the right-hand side is integrable.
Symmetric version of Fubini's Theorem: For integrable functions on α × β
,
the Bochner integral of f
is equal to the iterated Bochner integral.
This version has the integrals on the right-hand side in the other order.
Reversed version of Fubini's Theorem.
Reversed version of Fubini's Theorem (symmetric version).
Change the order of Bochner integration.