Naming expressions with let
Now that we know how to access memory, we can add support for names. Our
language will support OCaml-style variable binding: variables are immutable, and
are bound in expressions using let
. Some examples:
(let ((x 1)) x) ; => 1 (let ((x 3)) (let ((y (+ x 2)) (+ x y))) ; => 8 (let ((x 3)) (let ((x (+ x 2)) (+ x x))) ; => 10
As usual, we’ll start with our interpreter and then work on the compiler.
Names in the interpreter
How should the interpreter evaluate this expression?
x
It depends! If the expression is nested inside a let
, e.g.,
(let ((x 1)) x)
then the interpreter should evaluate it to its bound value. Otherwise, x
is
meaningless. So it seems like the interpreter needs to do different things
depending on context. We can’t just do interp_expr (Sym "x")
and expect it to
do the right thing!
We’ll supply this context via another argument to the interpreter. This argument
stores a mapping between names (i.e., strings) and values. In util.ml
, we’ve
defined a type called symtab
(short for “symbol table”) that maps strings to
some other value. We can use symbol tables like this:
$ open Csci1260.Util;; $ let st : int symtab = Symtab.empty;; $ let st' = Symtab.add "x" 2 st;; $ Symtab.find "x" st';; 2 $ Symtab.find_opt "x" st;; Exception: Not_found
Symbol tables are sort of like dictionaries in Python or Java, except that they
are immutable: notice that adding a key to st
above returned a new symbol
table instead of changing st
. (For the curious, our symbol tables use
OCaml’s Map
type, which is implemented using balanced binary trees.) We’ll be
using only a few functions to manipulate our tables:
Symtab.empty
is the empty symbol table, containing no mappingsSymtab.add var value st
returns a symbol table with all ofst
’s mappings plus a mapping betweenvar
andvalue
; any previous mapping forvar
is overwrittenSymtab.mem var st
returnstrue
ifst
has a mapping forvar
andfalse
otherwiseSymtab.find var st
returns the valuevar
is mapped to inst
, raising an exception if no such mapping is present
OK, so we’re going to need to modify our interpreter to take a value symtab
as
an argument:
let rec interp_exp (env: value symtab) (exp : s_exp) : value = ...
env
is short for “environment”. None of our existing expressions modify the
environment, so they’ll all just pass it through in their recursive calls.
Now that we have our environment, we can use it to interpret names:
let rec interp_exp (env: value symtab) (exp : s_exp) : value = match exp with (* some cases elided ... *) | Sym var when Symtab.mem var env -> Symtab.find var env
That “when” restricts when this pattern fires: we’ll only evaluate the right-hand side of the pattern if the “when” condition is true.
We’ll also need to update interp
:
let interp (program : string) : string = parse program |> interp_exp Symtab.empty |> string_of_value
Let’s see our interpreter work:
$ Interp.interp_exp Symtab.empty (parse "x");; <BadExpression error> $ Interp.interp_exp (Symtab.add "x" (Number 1) Symtab.empty) (parse "x");; Number 1 $ Interp.interp_exp (Symtab.add "x" (Number 1) Symtab.empty) (parse "(+ x x)");; Number 2
Cool! Now we just need to implement let
, which updates this environment. It’s
pretty straightforward:
let rec interp_exp (env : value symtab) (exp : s_exp) : value = match exp with (* some cases elided... *) | Lst [Sym "let"; Lst [Lst [Sym var; e]]; body] -> let e_value = interp_exp env e in interp_exp (Symtab.add var e_value env) body
You may notice an “extra” Lst
constructor; that’s because our let
expression
looks like (let ((var val)) body)
. This is how Scheme’s let
works, so we’ve
done it that way as well. In Homework 3, you’ll add support for multiple
variables:
(let ((x 1) (y 2)) (+ x y))
Names in the compiler
In the compiler, we’ll start with let
:
let rec compile_exp (stack_index : int) (exp : s_exp) : directive list = match exp with | Lst [Sym "let"; Lst [Lst [Sym var; e]]; body] -> compile_exp stack_index e @ ...
Once we’ve compiled e
, what should we do with it? We know we want to compile
body
, and somehow have references to x
in body
be able to “find” the value
of e
. We definitely can’t leave that value in rax
–as we saw last time, it
will get overwritten right away. We’ll need to “remember” this value for later
use. Let’s put it in memory!
let stack_address (stack_index : int) = MemOffset (Reg Rsp, Imm stack_index) let rec compile_exp (stack_index : int) (exp : s_exp) : directive list = match exp with | Lst [Sym "let"; Lst [Lst [Sym var; e]]; body] -> compile_exp stack_index e @ [Mov (stack_address stack_index, Reg Rax)] @ ...
(The stack_address
helper function lets us avoid a little repetition; we’ll
want to rewrite the stack code from last time to use it as well).
Now we want to compile body
, but make sure our compiler knows to get the right
value from memory if it runs into Sym var
. Just like in the interpreter, we
can do this with a symbol table. In the interpreter, our table mapped variables
to values; here, we’ll need to map variables to stack indexes.
let stack_address (stack_index : int) = MemOffset (Reg Rsp, Imm stack_index) let rec compile_exp (tab : int symtab) (stack_index : int) (exp : s_exp) : directive list = match exp with | Lst [Sym "let"; Lst [Lst [Sym var; e]]; body] -> compile_exp tab stack_index e @ [Mov (stack_address stack_index, Reg Rax)] @ compile_exp (Symtab.add var stack_index tab) (stack_index - 8) body | Sym var when Symtab.mem var tab -> [Mov (Reg Rax, stack_address (Symtab.find var tab))]
Here’s what the compiler produces for (let ((x 1)) (+ x 2))
:
entry: mov rax, 4 mov [rsp + -8], rax mov rax, [rsp + -8] mov [rsp + -16], rax mov rax, 8 mov r8, [rsp + -16] add rax, r8 ret
Homework 3
We spent some time talking about Homework 3; see the lecture capture for details.